Spanish

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Houssem - cognates


 * What does "cognate" mean ? **

Cognates are "__**words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation**__". While English may share very few cognates with a language like Chinese, 30-40% of all words in English have a related word in Spanish. For Spanish-speaking ELLs, cognates are an obvious bridge to the English language.

Here is a list of some English-Spanish cognates:


 * ~ English ||~ Spanish ||
 * family || familia ||
 * center || centro ||
 * radio || radio ||
 * class || clase ||
 * desert || desierto ||
 * magic || magia ||
 * gorilla || gorila ||

Spanish and English have literally many cognates. Several combinations such as //decepción// and "deception" are called false cognates known more precisely as "false friends" or "//falsos amigos//" which means __**"word pairs that look like they might mean the same thing but don't"**__. They can be confusing, and if you make the mistake of using them in speech or writing you're likely to be misunderstood.

Following is a list of some of the most common false friends :

//**Newest falsos amigos**// **Discusión** **vs Discussion ** > **Discusión** can be a simple //discussion//, but more commonly it refers to something more intense, like a //debate//, //dispute//, or //argument//.

> ** Discussion ** is equivalent to //discusión// or //deliberaciones//. **Equivocado** **vs Equivocal ** > **Equivocado** means //wrong//.

> **Equivocal** is //equívoco// or //ambiguo//. **Nudo** **vs Nude ** > **Nudo** is a noun: //knot//, //node//, //joint//.

> ** Nude ** is a noun or adjective: //desnudo//. > ** Pie ** = //foot//.
 * Pie vs Pie **

> ** Pie ** = //pastel//. **Tabla** **vs Table ** > **Tabla** can refer to a //board//, //plank//, //sheet (of metal)//, //table top//, or //stage//.

> ** Table ** is //una mesa//.

//**Previous falsos amigos**//

> ** Absoluto ** is a rather interesting word. Alone, it means //absolute//, //utter//, //complete//. When preceded by en, it means //not at all//, //by no means//, //no way//.
 * Absoluto vs Absolute(ly) **

> ** Absolute ** > =//absoluto//. **Absolutely** = > //absolutamente//, //completamente//, //totalmente//. > ** Actual ** means //current// or //present//: El presidente actual vive en Madrid - //The current president lives in Madrid//. ** Actualmente ** means //currently//, //at present//, or //now//.
 * Actual vs Actual **

> ** Actual ** means //verdadero// or //efectivo//. ** Actually ** can be translated by //realmente//, //en realidad//, or //en efecto//. **Advertencia** **vs Advertisement ** > **Advertencia** is a //warning//, //piece of advice//, //reminder//, or //preface//.

> ** Advertisement ** = un //anuncio//. **Agonía** **vs Agony ** > **Agonía** = //death throes//, //dying moments//.

> ** Agony ** refers to terrible physical or mental pain: //dolor agudo//, //angustia//. **Alterado** **vs Altered ** > **Alterado** can mean //changed// or //altered// as well as //angry// or //upset//.

> ** Altered ** = //modificado//, //cambiado//, //alterado//. **Americano** **vs American ** > **Americano** usually refers to anyone from North or South America.

> ** American **= estaounidense (adjective of Estados Unidos - United States) > ** Aplicar ** means to apply something, like a theory, paint, or sanctions.
 * Aplicar vs Apply **

> ** Apply ** = //aplicar// when it is a transitive verb. As an intransitive verb, it has many translations: apply for a job - //solicitar// or //presentar//; to apply oneself to - //dirigirse a uno//; to apply in the sense of be applicable - //ser aplicable// or //interesar//. **Apología** **vs Apology ** > **Apología** refers to //defense// or a //eulogy//.

> ** Apology **= una //disculpa// or //excusa//. **Aprobar** **vs Approve ** > **Aprobar** means //to approve (of)//, //consent to//, or //endorse//, as well as //to pass// a test or class.

> ** Approve ** = //aprobar//. **Arena** **vs Arena ** > **Arena** means //sand//.

> ** Arena ** = //anfiteatro//, //redondel//, //plaza//. > **Argumento** means argument in the sense of reasoning (as in a courtroom).
 * Argumento vs Argument **

> ** Argument ** in the sense of disagreement translates as una discusión, pelea, disputa, or polémica. **Asesino** **vs Assassin ** > **Asesino** can refer to an //assassin// as well as non-political //murderer// or //killer//. It's also an adjective: //murderous//.

> ** Assassin **= //asesino//. **Asistencia** **vs Assistance ** > **Asistencia** usually means //attendance//, though it can also mean //assistance//.

> ** Assistance ** is most commonly translated by //ayuda// or //auxilio//. > ** Asistir ** means to //attend//.
 * Asistir vs Assist **

> ** Assist ** translates as //ayudar//. > ** Atender ** can mean //to attend// in Latin America, but in Spain it means //to pay attention to//, //to heed//, or //to care for//.
 * Atender vs Attend **

> **Attend** = //asistir//.

Hitomi - writing system

**A****lphabets**

 * **Spanish Alphabet ** ||
 *  Letter || ** A ** || ** B ** || ** C ** || ** D ** || ** E ** || ** F ** || ** G ** || **H ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">I ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Name || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//a// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//be// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//ce// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//de// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//e// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//efe// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//ge// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //hache// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//i// ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Letter || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> J ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">K ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">L ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> M ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">N ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Ñ ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">O ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">P ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Q ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Name || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //jota// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //ka// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //e le// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //eme// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //ene// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //eñe// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//o// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//pe// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//cu// ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Letter || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">R ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">S ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> T ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> U ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> V ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">W ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> X ** || ** Y ** || **<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> Z ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Name || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//erre// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//ese// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//te// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//u// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//uve// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//uve// //doble// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //equis// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">//ye// || <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> //zeta// ||

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">There are 27 alphabet letters in Spanish. The letters are feminine. For example, **la ele**, **la i**, and **la equis**. The letter combination of two l, **ll** (often referred to as **elle** or **doble ele**) is pronounced like a y.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Spanish has three sounds which are represented by digraphs: **ch**, **ll** and **rr**. In the past, the Spanish writing system had alphabetized these letter combinations differently from other European languages. However, this convention was dropped in 1994, and words beginning with these letter combinations are now alphabetized in the same way as English except for **Ñ**.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**B** and **v** are pronounced identically. The letters **k** and **w** are used mostly in words of foreign origin, like **kilo** or **whisky**. The letter **h** is never pronounced in Spanish.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Spanish speakers do not normally spell out entire words but rather tend to refer only to the letters that might cause confusion. For example, if the name is **Rodríguez**, then a person may ask “**¿Se escribe con zeta o con ese?**” (Is it written with a z or with an s?). Because the letter **h** is never pronounced in Spanish, a common question is “**¿****Con o sin hache?**” (With or without an h?).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Spanish words are grouped according to class, i.e., part of speech, like English. Parts of speech and functions are usually determined in the same way in Spanish and English.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Ellos**/ **Ellas**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The pronouns **ellos** (they), **nosotros** (we), and **vosotros** (you, inf. pl) can refer to groups of people that consist of males only or of males and females. On the other hand, **ellas** ( they, fem), **nosotras** (we, fem.) and **vosotras** (you, inf. pl. fem.) can refer only to two or more females.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Informal and Polite you (tu/ usted)**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In English, the pronoun you is used to address a person directly, whether or not the speakers know the person well. Spanish has two pronouns that mean you, singular: **usted** and **tu**. The polite pronoun **usted** is appropriate for people they do not know well, especially people older than them. The informal pronoun **tu** is reserved for friends, peers, children, and other people they know well. In some places in Latin America, including Argentina and Central America, speakers use **vos** instead of **tu** as the informal pronoun for you. However, everyone who uses **vos** understands **tu**.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Questions**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In Spanish, there is an inverted question mark or exclamation point at the beginning of clauses. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">For example, **¿Qué dices?** (What do you mean?)

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In Spanish, question words always have a written accent.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">To answer a question negatively, use **No, no** + verb.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Questions are usually formed by placing the subject after the verb, with the object and/or any description either following or preceding the subject. In Spanish, no additional words such as does or do are needed to turn a statement into a question. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**¿Es joven Rodríguez?** (Is Rodriguez young?)

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Accents**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Vowels are marked with acute accents (**á**, **é**, **í**, **ó**, **ú**) to indicate a stress pattern that may be out of the ordinary, or they may be used to set apart two words that are essentially spelled the same.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Major Spanish Dialects**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 60%;">(Andrew Dalby, 2006)

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<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Castilian**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This is the official Spanish language, which is spoken in northern and central Spain.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Andalusian**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This dialect, which is spoken in southern Spain, is the second-most popular in the country after Castilian. However it differs greatly from northern Spanish in the***seseo/ceceo** distinction, the elision of the consonants ‘**d**’ and ‘**r**’, the aspiration of the consonant ‘**s**’ at the end of words, and the dropping of final consonants. These factors result in a softer and more fluid sound than that of other Spanish dialects.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">***seseo** is the pronunciation of c, before e or i, like //s//, not like English //th//. **Ceceo** is the pronunciation of s with the //th// sound.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Murcian**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This is a dialect spoken in the autonomous region of the community of Murcia in the southeast of Spain.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Canarian**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The dialect of the Spanish Canary Islands resembles the Caribbean Spanish dialect, characterized by the aspirated ‘**s**’, elided consonants, and the pronunciation of the letter ‘**h**.’ The Canarian vocabulary is also heavily influenced by Portuguese due to Portugal’s efforts to colonize the islands.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Llanito**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Llanito is a combination of Andalusian Spanish and British English. The existence of Gibraltar as a British overseas territory resulted in this peculiar language combination.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Latin American Spanish**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This is the dialect of urban mainland Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and the majority of Central and South American countries. There are differences in how Spanish is spoken amongst people in these countries, but it is usually referred to as Latin American Spanish in order to differentiate with the Spanish spoken in Spain. The difference is similar to English as it is spoken in England and the U.S.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Rioplatense Spanish**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This dialect is spoken in the River Basin region between Argentina and Uruguay, and also in both countries. The predominant difference between Rioplatense and other Spanish dialects is the intonation of its speakers, which resembles Italian more than Spanish. The 19th-century saw many Italian immigrants to this region and particularly to Buenos Aires.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Caribbean** **Spanish**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This dialect is spoken in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and along the East coast of Mexico and Central America. It is characterized by elided middle consonants and omitted final consonants, as well as an aspirated ‘**r**’ that is pronounced like the Portuguese ‘**x**.’

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Equatoguinean Spanish**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This dialect represents the only official Spanish spoken in Africa. It has incorporated some vocabulary and pronunciation patterns from both native Guineans and immigrant Germans of Cameroon.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Philippine Spanish**
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In the Philippines, which were incorporated into the Spanish Empire in the mid-16th century, Spanish served as the language of the ruling class, of civil and judicial administration, and of culture. Because Mexico often mediated communication between the Philippines and Spain, Philippine Spanish in general is similar to the Castilian dialect used in Mexico. In 1898, at the conclusion of the Spanish-American war, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. For many years afterwards, Spanish was one of the official languages of the Philippines along with English and Tagalog. Spanish is no longer an official language, and its usage has gradually declined.

- Meredith

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<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Spanish Phonology
Phonology - The systems of sounds in a language

The vowels in Spanish make the same sounds all the time. When native Spanish speakers learn English, they often struggle with the pronunciation of vowels and distinguishing various vowel sounds. Consonants h, j, y, and r can be a challenge because they have different names in Spanish (see chart in the writing section).

Spanish Speakers may struggle with the stress of English sentences and words because it varies from Spanish. They may sound flat and be difficult to understand for native English speakers.

Spanish contains sounds that we do not use such as ñ, rr, and ll The "rr" is pronounce with a trill The /h/ sound is silent in Spanish

Other common sound errors:
 * English || Spanish ||
 * = /sh/ ||= /ch/ ||
 * = /s/ ||= /es/ ||
 * = /y/ ||= /h/ ||
 * = /b/ ||= /v/ ||

Examples: Instead of "stone" they will say "estone" because words starting with "s" do not appear in Spanish

The /j/ sound in Spanish is pronounced like a /h/ in English. The name Javier would be said "Havier"

The "h" in Spanish is silent. Hermano, would be said "ermano"

/b/ and /v/ sound the same in Spanish, and are difficult for ELLs to distinguish. "bat" and "vat" would be difficult to distinguish.

Sounding out Students who speak Spanish are taught to blend sounds in chunks instead of individual phonemes Example: /ga/-/to/ instead of /g/-/a/-/t/-/o/

= Spanish Morphology =

Morphology -the way words are put together in a language

Gender
Nouns in Spanish are given a gender, either masculine feminine. They can be marked as el (masculine) or la (feminine). masculine nouns typically end in -o and Feminine nouns typically end in -a. The endings change on adjectives depending on the noun's gender. Frequently -a is exchanged for -o at the end of the adjective to mark that the noun being described is feminine. In English, there is no gender assigned to nouns, so this may cause some confusion to Spanish speakers.

Example: la luz roj a (The light red) el gato roj o ( The cat red)

This change can also occur with nouns. hermano (brother) hermana (sister)

Plurals
To make a nouns plural in Spanish, typically an "s" is added to words ending in a vowel. in some cases "es" may be added to the word to make it plural, such as when the word ends in consonants. The definite article may also change from "la" to "las" or from "el" to "los".

Examples: el gato (cat) los gato s (cats)

el borrador (eraser) los borador es (erasers)

Nouns that end in -íon add -es.

Example: el avión (airplane) los aviones (airplanes)

If the noun ends in -z, it changes to -es and the -z changes to -c.

Example: el lápiz los lápi ces

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Meghan -

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Understandably, students often apply the grammar rules from their home language when learning a new language, leading to structural and grammatical errors. Spanish to English language learning is no exception to L1 interference.

=<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Grammar Errors =

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Omission of the Subject** – In Spanish, the verb tenses change with the subject, so actually saying “I” or “he” or “it” isn’t necessary. Consequently, learners sometimes forget that the subject is always necessary in English.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //“is always a good idea to eat spinach.”//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Gender Confusion** – While it’s more common for English speaking learners of Spanish to confuse or forget the genders of Spanish nouns, native Spanish speakers often get confused when it comes to words like him, her, because the Spanish pronoun “su” represents both the masculine and the feminine. Grammatical gender is assigned to nouns in Spanish, as in the moon (la luna) making it a feminine noun -

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"What bright moon! Look at her!"//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Order of Adjectives and Nouns** – In Spanish, an adjective often comes after the noun.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //“He had a dog brown.”//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Omission of Subject Pronouns -** In Spanish, the subject pronoun may be dropped because the rest of the clause provides the appropriate information.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"The teacher is not here. Is in the library."//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**This/These** – Native Spanish speakers often pronounce these two words the same so in writing, they tend to stick with “this,” leaving “these” for advanced learners.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Make/Do** – In Spanish, the verb hacer means both “to make” and “to do.”

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //“I make homework”//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Article confusion/omission** - When using plural nouns in English, an indefinite article is not necessary. Native Spanish speakers may also omit articles compeltely.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"The people drive often in America//." rather than //"People drive often in America."// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"He is teacher//" - completely omit the article.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Infinitive Clauses as Translation Errors -** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Inserting "That" because of infinitive clauses rather than "que"

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //I want that you open the door.//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Idioms as Translation Errors -** In Spanish to agree is, "Estoy de acuerdo contigo", but in English, we don't need an auxiliary verb because agree is the verb itself.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "//I am agree with you."//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Preposition Errors -**There is quite a bit of confusion with prepositions between English and Spanish. Many have to do with "to" because in English, some verbs need "to", such as "listen to" and "speak to", whereas others do not. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Prepositions also cannot occur at the end of a sentence in Spanish.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"I will go to my teacher and ask to her if I can come."// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "//For why did you do that?"//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Adverbs and conjunctions -** These are least frequently occurring errors. Wrongly used adverbs show an alteration in the word order of the clause.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"They were working always"// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"He went to the cinema and see this film."//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Formation of interrogatives or negatives** -. There is no auxiliary in these structures in Spanish.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "Why you say that?" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "Who he saw?" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "Do you saw him?" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "I no see him." <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "I not saw him."

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Use of double negatives** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> - In Spanish, negatives are formed with double negatives.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: "//I no see nobody."//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Present/Simple Past confusion -** It can be difficult to identify a simple vowel change in the medial position for some learners.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Example: //"I give to her" rather than "gave".//

====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">[| http://www.foxtranslate.com/language/10-common-challenges-spanish-speakers-have-learning-english] ====

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Tracy D. Terrell, Magdalena Andrade, Jeanne Egasse, Elías Miguel Muñoz, 2010. Dos mundos: Comunicación y comunidad, Seventh Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. =====

Yule, G., 2009. //The study of language (Third Ed.)//. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Herrera, S., Perez, D.,& Escamilla, K., 2010. Rethinking phonemic awaresness: a cross linguistic transfer perspective (41-65).//Teaching reading to English language learners: differentiated literacies//. new York: Pearson Education Inc. Herrera, S., Perez, D., & Escamilla, K., 2010. Phonics more then the ABCs of reading (67-101). Teaching reading to English language learners: differentiated literacies. New York: Person Education, Inc.